Mass racial violence in the United States

Mass racial violence, also called race riots can include such disparate events as:
 * attacks on Irish Catholics and other immigrants in the 19th century
 * attacks on Italian immigrants in the early 20th century and Puerto Ricans in the later 20th century
 * attacks on African Americans that occurred in addition to the lynchings in the period after Reconstruction through the first half of the 20th century.
 * frequent fighting among various ethnic groups in major cities, specifically in the northeast and midwest United States throughout the late 19th century and early 20th century. This example was made famous in the stage musical West Side Story and its film adaptation.
 * unrest in African-American communities, such as the 1968 riots following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.

Anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic violence
Riots defined by "race" have taken place between ethnic groups in the United States since as early as the pre-Revolution era of the 18th century. During the early-to-mid- 19th centuries, violent rioting occurred between Protestant "Nativists" and recently arrived Irish Catholic immigrants. These reached heights during the peak of immigration in the 1840s and 1850s in cities including New York, Philadelphia, and Boston. During the early 20th century, riots were common against Irish and French-Canadian immigrants in Providence, Rhode Island.

The San Francisco Vigilance Movements of 1851 and 1856 are often described by sympathetic historians as responses to rampant crime and government corruption. In addition to lynching accused criminals, the vigilantes also systematically attacked Irish immigrants, however. The anti-immigrant violence later focused on Mexicans and Chinese immigrants.

During the late 19th century and early 20th century, Italian Americans were the second minority group (next to African Americans) most likely to be lynched. One of the largest lynchings in US history occurred in New Orleans in 1891, when eleven Italians were violently murdered in the streets by a large lynch mob. In the 1890s a total of twenty Italians were lynched in the South. Riots and lynchings against Italian Americans erupted into the 20th century in the South, as well as in New York City, Chicago, and Boston.

19th century events
Like lynchings, race riots often had their roots in economic tensions or in white defense of the color line. In 1887, for example, ten thousand workers at sugar plantations in Louisiana, organized by the Knights of Labor, went on strike for an increase in their pay to $1.25 a day. Most of the workers were black, but some were white, infuriating Governor Samuel Douglas McEnery, who declared that "God Almighty has himself drawn the color line." The militia was called in, but then withdrawn to give free rein to a lynch mob in Thibodaux. The mob killed between 20 and 300 people. A black newspaper described the scene:
 * " 'Six killed and five wounded' is what the daily papers here say, but from an eye witness to the whole transaction we learn that no less than thirty-five Negroes were killed outright. Lame men and blind women shot; children and hoary-headed grandsires ruthlessly swept down! The Negroes offered no resistance; they could not, as the killing was unexpected. Those of them not killed took to the woods, a majority of them finding refuge in this city."

These events also targeted individuals, as in the 1891 mob lynching of Joe Coe, a worker in Omaha, Nebraska. Approximately 10,000 white people reportedly swarmed the courthouse when Coe was torn from his jail cell, beaten and lynched. Reportedly 6,000 people visited Coe's corpse during a public exhibition at which pieces of the lynching rope were sold as souvenirs. This was a period when even officially sanctioned executions were regularly conducted in public, such as hangings.

20th century events
Labor conflict was a source of tensions that catalyzed into the East St. Louis Riot of 1917. White rioters killed an estimated one hundred black residents of East St. Louis, after black residents had killed two white policemen. White-on-Black race riots include the Atlanta Riots (1906), the Omaha and Chicago Riots (1919), and the Tulsa Riots (1921).

The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 grew out of tensions on the Southside, where Irish descendants and African Americans competed for jobs at the stockyards, and where both were crowded into substandard housing. The Irish descendants had been in the city longer, and were organized around athletic and political clubs. A young black Chicagoan, Eugene Williams, paddled a raft near a Southside Lake Michigan beach into "white territory", and drowned after being hit by a rock thrown by a young white man. Witnesses pointed out the killer to a policeman, who refused to make an arrest. An indignant black mob attacked the officer. Violence broke out across the city. White mobs, many of them organized around Irish athletic clubs, began pulling black people off trolley cars, attacking black businesses, and beating victims with baseball bats and iron bars. Black people fought back. Having learned from the East St. Louis Riot, the city closed down the street car system, but the rioting continued. A total of 23 blacks and 15 whites were killed.

The 1921 Tulsa Race Riot grew out of black resistance to the attempted lynching of 19-year old shoeshiner Dick Rowland. Thirty-nine people (26 black, 13 white) were confirmed killed. Recent investigations suggest that the actual number of casualties could be much higher. White mobs set fire to the black Greenwood district, destroying 1,256 homes and as many as 200 businesses. Fires leveled 35 blocks of residential and commercial neighborhood. Black people were rounded up by the Oklahoma National Guard and put into several internment centers, including a baseball stadium. White rioters in airplanes shot at black refugees and dropped improvised kerosene bombs and dynamite on them.

By the 1960s, decades of racial, economic, and political forces, which generated inner city poverty, sparked “race riots” across America. The beating and rumored death of cab driver John Smith by police, sparked the 1967 Newark riots. This event became, per capita, one of the deadliest civil disturbances of the 1960s. The long and short term causes of the Newark riots are explored in depth in the documentary film Revolution '67.

Nativist Period 1700s-1860

 * for information about riots worldwide, see List of riots.


 * 1829: Cincinnati Riot of 1829 (Cincinnati, Ohio)
 * Rioting against African-Americans results in thousands leaving for Canada.


 * 1829: Charlestown Anti-Catholic Riots (Charlestown, Massachusetts)
 * 1834: Massachusetts Convent Burning
 * 1835: Five Points Riot (New York City, New York)
 * 1841: Cincinnati Riot of 1841 (Cincinnati, Ohio)
 * 1844: Philadelphia Nativist Riots (May 6–8/July 5–8)
 * 1851: Hoboken Anti-German Riot
 * 1855: Bloody Monday (Louisville, KY Anti-German Riots)

Civil War Period 1861-1865

 * 1863: New York City Draft Riot

Post-Civil War and Reconstruction Period: 1865 - 1889

 * 1866: New Orleans Riot (New Orleans, Louisiana)
 * 1866: Memphis Riot of 1866 (Memphis, Tennessee)
 * 1868: Pulaski Riot (Pulaski, Tennessee)
 * 1868: Opelousas, Louisiana http://www.opelousasmassacre.com/
 * 1868: Camilla, Georgia
 * 1868: Ward Island Riot
 * Irish and German-American indigent immigrants, temporarily interned at Wards Island by the Commissioners of Emigration, begin rioting following an altercation between two residents resulting in thirty men seriously wounded and around sixty arrested.
 * 1870: Eutaw, Alabama
 * 1870: Laurens, South Carolina
 * 1870: Kirk-Holden war: Alamance County, North Carolina
 * Federal troops, led by Col. Kirk and requested by NC governor Holden, were sent to extinguish racial violence. Holden was eventually impeached because of the offensive.


 * 1870: New York City Orange Riot
 * 1871: Meridian race riot of 1871
 * 1871: Second New York City Orange Riot
 * 1871: Los Angeles Anti-Chinese Riot
 * 1871: Scranton Coal Riot
 * Violence occurs between striking members of a miners' union in Scranton, Pennsylvania when Welsh miners attack Irish and German-American miners who chose to leave the union and accept the terms offered by local mining companies.


 * 1873: Colfax massacre (Colfax, Louisiana)
 * 1874: Vicksburg, Mississippi
 * 1874: New Orleans, Louisiana
 * 1874: Coushatta, Louisiana
 * 1875: Yazoo City, Mississippi
 * 1875: Clinton, Mississippi
 * 1876: Statewide violence in South Carolina
 * 1876: Hamburg, South Carolina
 * 1876: Ellenton, South Carolina
 * 1885: Rock Springs Massacre, Wyoming
 * 1886: Pittsburgh Riot.
 * 1887: Denver Riot of 1887
 * In one of the largest civil disturbances in the city's history, fighting between Swedish, Hungarian and Polish immigrants results in the shooting death of one man and injuring several others before broken up by police.


 * 1887: Thibodaux, Louisiana - Second highest fatalities in a labor dispute - 30 plus African Americans killed

Jim Crow Period: 1890 - 1914

 * 1891: New Orleans Anti-Italian Riot
 * A lynch mob storms a local jail and hangs several Italians following the acquittal of several Sicilian immigrants alleged to be involved in the murder of New Orleans police chief David Hennessy.


 * 1891: 1st Omaha Race Riot
 * 10,000 white people storm the local courthouse to beat and lynch Coe, who was alleged to have raped a white child.


 * 1894: Buffalo, NY Riot of 1894
 * Two groups of Irish and Italian-Americans are arrested by police after a half hour of hurling bricks and shooting at each other resulting from a barroom brawl when visiting Italian patrons refused to pay for their drinks at a local saloon. After the mob is dispersed by police, five Italians are arrested while two others are sent to a local hospital.


 * 1894: Bituminous Coal Miners' Strike
 * Much of the violence in this national strike was not specifically racial, but in Iowa, where the employees of Consolidation Coal Company (Iowa) refused to join the strike, armed confrontation between strikers and strike breakers took on racial overtones because the majority of Consolidation's employees were African American. The National Guard was mobilized just in time to avert open warfare.


 * 1898: Wilmington Race Riot
 * 1898: Lake City, South Carolina
 * 1898: Greenwood County, South Carolina
 * 1899: Newburg, NY Riot
 * Angered towards the recent hiring of African-American workers, a group of between 80 and 100 Arab laborers attack a group of African-American workers near the Freeman & Hammond brick yard with numerous men injured on both sides.


 * 1900: New Orleans, Louisiana : Robert Charles Riots
 * 1900: New York City, New York
 * 1902: New York City, New York Anti-Semitic riots involving Irish factory workers, city policemen and thousands of Jews attending Jacob Joseph's funeral
 * 1906: Atlanta Riots, Georgia
 * 1908: Springfield, Illinois
 * 1909: Greek Town, a successful Greek immigrant community in South Omaha, Nebraska is burnt to the ground and its residents are forced to leave town by a "white" mob.
 * 1910: Nationwide riots following the heavyweight championship fight between Jack Johnson and Jim Jeffries in Reno, Nevada on July 4

War and Inter-War Period: 1914 - 1945

 * 1917: East St. Louis, Illinois
 * 1917: Chester, Pennsylvania
 * 1917: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 * 1917: Houston Riot (1917)
 * Red Summer of 1919
 * 1919: Washington, D.C.
 * 1919: Chicago, Illinois
 * 1919: Omaha, Nebraska
 * 1919: Charleston, South Carolina
 * 1919: Longview, Texas
 * 1919: Knoxville, Tennessee
 * 1919: Elaine, Arkansas
 * 1921: Tulsa, Oklahoma
 * 1923: Rosewood Massacre
 * 1935: Harlem Race Riot
 * 1943: Detroit Race Riot
 * 1943: Harlem Race Riot
 * 1943: Zoot Suit Riots, Los Angeles, California

1963

 * 16th Street Baptist Church bombing; Birmingham, Alabama - September

1964

 * Rochester 1964 race riot; Rochester, New York - July
 * New York City 1964 riot; New York City, New York - July
 * Philadelphia 1964 race riot; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania - August
 * Jersey City 1964 race riot, August 2–4, Jersey City, New Jersey
 * Paterson 1964 race riot, August 11–13, Paterson, New Jersey
 * Elizabeth 1964 race riot, August 11–13, Elizabeth, New Jersey
 * Chicago 1964 race riot, Dixmoor riot, August 16–17, Chicago, Illinois

1965



 * Watts Riot; Los Angeles, California - August

1966

 * Hough Riots; Cleveland, Ohio - July
 * Hunter's Point Riot; San Francisco
 * Division Street Riots; Chicago - June

1967

 * 1967 Newark riots; Newark, New Jersey - July
 * 12th Street riot; Detroit, Michigan - July
 * 1967 Plainfield riots; Plainfield, New Jersey - July
 * Milwaukee riot; Milwaukee, Wisconsin - July 30–31
 * Minneapolis North Side Riots; Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota - August

1968

 * Orangeburg massacre; Orangeburg, South Carolina - February
 * 125 cities in April and May, in response to the murder of Martin Luther King, Jr. including:
 * Baltimore riot of 1968; Baltimore Maryland
 * 1968 Washington, D.C. riots; Washington, D.C.
 * 1968 New York City riot; New York City, New York
 * West Side Riots; Chicago, Illinois
 * Louisville riots of 1968; Louisville, Kentucky
 * Hill District MLK riots; Pittsburgh, PA


 * Summit, IL Race Riot at Argo High School September 1968

1970

 * Jackson State killings; Jackson, Mississippi - May
 * Asbury Park Riot; Asbury Park, New Jersey - July

1971

 * Camden Riots, August 1971, Camden, New Jersey

1972

 * Escambia High School riots; Pensacola, Florida

1977

 * New York City Blackout riot

Modern

 * 1980: Miami Riot 1980
 * 1991: Crown Heights Riot
 * 1992: 1992 Los Angeles riots
 * 2001: 2001 Cincinnati Riots
 * 2001: Seattle Mardi Gras Riots
 * 2009: Oakland CA, Oscar Grant Murder Riots